BHUMI: Jurnal Agraria dan Pertanahan

The Participatory Mapping as Soft-Territorialization Discipline Practice of The Karen People in The Thailand Highlands

Agung Wicaksono — 2022-06-14

Territorialization is an important element for the authorities to control both natural and human resources. Although the territorialization in Thailand has been started since the 1930s, but until the 2000s, the expected results are still far from satisfactory. One of the fundamental issues is the overlap of land claims, especially between the Royal Forestry Department (RFD) and the Karen people. In the midst of this cold war, the local government (TAO) is working with non-governmental organizations to encourage the implementation of participatory mapping. In this case, land cleared after 2014 must be submitted to the RFD for reforestation. Surprisingly, the program was a great success. This article seeks to explain why participatory mapping was a great success even though the program limited or even reduced Karen people's access to farmland. Based on ethnographic research and combined with map analysis, this study found that successful participatory mapping due to the presence of new, effective satellite-based surveillance instruments linked to the presence of relatively affluent farming households.

Keywords: Karen, participatory mapping, shifting cultivation, smooth territorialization, territorialization

The Consequences of Sago Planting Hamlet Program on Socio-Cultural Changes of The Kamoro in Mimika Papua

Rudy G. Erwinsyah — 2022-06-14

This study examines the consequences of various agrarian policies and development programs on the Kamoro community in Mimika Regency, Papua Province. As a result of FI Mining activities, the Kamoro people, who were originally nomads on their customary lands, were relocated to permanent settlement where they were introduced to intensive farming systems, one of which was the Sago Planting Hamlet (SPH/DST) Program that brought modern sago farming management. There was a contradiction because the Kamoro people have been accustomed to rice as their staple for decades due to the national food policy during the New Order era and the damage to their ecological environment, especially wild sago forests. This study tries to see how the socio-cultural consequences in the community since the implementation of intensive agricultural programs are relatively new to them. Research question were answered through a descriptive qualitative approach, with primary data from in-depth interviews and participatory observations, supported by secondary data from the archive and document searches, also spatial data from Landsat imagery. The results showed that the implementation of the DST Program brought the consequences of socio-cultural changes to the Kamoro people, which included adjustments to social organization, livelihoods, and natural resource management. What happened to the Kamoro: the collapse of the production, reproduction, and consumption systems of society due to the alienation of traditional living cultures that rely on the availability of natural sources of livelihood, has made the Kamoro undeveloped.

Keywords: Intensive agriculture, Kamoro, sago plantations, socio-cultural changes

State Land Management for Orderly Administration of Land in Regencies/Cities

Rizqi Abdulharis — 2022-06-14

The concept of state control over land is the underlying concept of land management in Indonesia, which is physically represented by the state land. The control of the utilization of state land is one of the sub-activities of the regency/city government. However, there has been no study on these sub-activities carried out based on the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 90 of 2019, Law on Job Creation and its derivatives, and the concept of land administration. This paper presents the results of the study on state land management in regencies/cities. This study was conducted using content several methods: content analysis, secondary data analysis, and classification analysis based on the concept of land administration. The data collected and analyzed were laws and regulations on land and their implementation in the context of land administration in several areas in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that there are fundamental changes in the definition of state land, where the Law on Job Creation and its derivatives do not define land that has been attached to land rights as state land. In addition, the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 90 of 2019 and the Law on Job Creation and its derivatives have regulated the authority of the regency/city government in the administration of the control, use, development, and assessment of state land. By considering the definitions and laws and regulations regarding state land, state land management can be implemented through (1) the development of the state land cadaster system, (2) coordination with the agencies administering the control of state land, and (3) the regulation and implementation of the use, development, and assessment of state land.

Keywords: land administration, regency/city, state land

Doctrinal Review on The Legality of Ulayat Rights Release Agreements in Papua Province

Kenny Cetera — 2022-06-14

In Papua Province, land conflicts between MHA and entrepreneurs often occur and lead to social conflicts. One of the common practices used in the transfer of ulayat land is the Ulayat Rights Release Agreement. In this article, the author will discuss the legal aspects of the Ulayat Rights Release Agreement that need to be considered to protect the seller and the buyer. This study is a normative or doctrinal research that uses primary data in the form of observations and the author's experience as a legal analyst involved in the Papua Province licensing review process, as well as secondary data derived from statutory regulations and other literature. The results showed that Ulayat Rights Release Agreement requires three important conditions, namely: 1) Subjects that need to be legally identified and ratified (Ulayat Rights Holder); 2) Objects that need to be mapped (Ulayat Rights Limits); and 3) Relationship between Subjects and Objects about how Ulayat Rights are used, regulated, and managed by Ulayat Rights Holder (Ulayat Rights Control). These three points need to be legally ratified based on applicable regulations, which is through a Regional Head Decree or Regency Regulations.

Keywords: MHA, Ulayat Rights, Papua

A Solution Management in Handling Economic Inequality Among Agrarian Communities

Sri Wahyuni Jamal — 2022-06-14

Agriculture has been an inherent part of human civilization for centuries. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the relationship between agricultural production and agricultural community income. The pattern of their relationship followed the dynamics of the Lotka-Volterra model. Two of the six critical phenomena that might occur: first, if the farmer's crop were abundant, the farmers' income would increase rapidly; second, if the farmers' yields decreased, the farmer's income would automatically decrease. Low and unstable farmer income could lead to poor productivity and low economic growth. Thus, monitoring and early warning were essential to effectively prevent possible negative impacts on agricultural product production, consumption, and changes in market prices. Sustainable agricultural systems included maintenance or enhancement of environmental natural resources, food supply, and social welfare. In brief, good agricultural management could maintain the balance of the ecosystem, contribute to the economy continuously, and increase agrarian communities' economic resilience.

Keywords: agrarian community; ecosystem; harvest cycle; income; Lotka-Volterra

Grassroots Innovation in Village-Based Natural Resource Management in Lebak Regency

Rusman Nurjaman — 2022-06-14

This study investigates the factors that encourage grassroots innovation that contributes to addressing natural resource management problems in Warungbanten Village. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach with a from the theoretical perspective of grassroots innovation. The primary data were obtained from observation during one-month field study and in-depth interviews with a number of key informants, such as village heads, traditional stakeholders, farmers, representatives of women's groups, and youth involved in the grassroots innovation process. The results showed that the growth of grassroots innovation in natural resource management in Warungbanten Village cannot be separated from three main factors, namely innovator aspect attached to the role of the village head as the initiator; socio-cultural and environmental aspect that allows the spirit of mutual cooperation and involvement of the parties; and market or benefit aspect attached to commercial and non-commercial values of the innovation carried out. Grassroots innovation that took place in Warungbanten Village also contributed to efforts to overcome challenges and problems in natural resource management, namely supporting the village sovereignty over natural resources, developing the sustainable livelihoods in rural areas, and removing administrative constraints in natural resource management caused by village boundary conflicts.

Keywords: grassroots innovation, village natural resource management, village development

Stubborn People Among the Coconut Trees: Soge Farmer Resistance in Nangahale Plantation, East Nusa Tenggara

Martin Elvanyus De Porres — 2022-06-14

Since PT KRISRAMA's permit for Right to Cultivate expired in 2013, a number of Soge local residents, namely Tana Ai ethnic, have occupied the coconut plantation in Nangahale, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. They claimed back the access to the customary land of Nangahale which, before the colonial era, was the residence of their ancestors. They put up a certain amount of resistance against the plantation company which, nota bene, is owned by the Catholic church, the Diocese of Maumere. This study elaborates the strategy of resistance of the Soge local residents. The methods used were participant observation and semi-structured interviews conducted from August to October 2021. The data collected were in the form of conversations and observation on the daily activities of the local residents as well as reviews on historical literature in newspapers, books, magazines, journals, and the internet. The conversation and observation data were analyzed according to the context that occurred in the field in order to reveal the forms of resistance. This study found that the resistance of Soge farmers to the Catholic church's company was part of a sparring movement in the form of regaining access and splitting land in response to the actions taken by the company that sought to expand their territory even without renewal of the contract permit.

Keywords: Catholic church, coconut, land control, Nangahale, resistance